![]() apologise for having been stirred by the insincerity of M. Tardieu sets the note of this reply, in your November number, to my criticism of the Treaty of Versailles, with a paragraph of personal abuse. Keynes was sufficiently annoyed by this to write to the editor directly to express his irritation on 22nd October, 1920. Later in 1920 Tardieu also published a response to Keynes' Economic Consequences of the Peace in Everybody's Magazine. "I admit that to read his book is to make more black blood than any other book published on this loathsome subject". such a swine' and encouraged Keynes to respond to him. A letter from Charles Waldstein to Keynes was found within the pages of the Marshall Library's copy of this book in which he declared Tardieu to be '. In 1921 André Tardieu, Clemenceau's lieutentant at the Peace Conference, published 'The Truth About the Treaty' which sought to justify the Treaty and counter the criticisms levelled at it by Keynes. Keynes, Author of "The Economic Consequences of The Peace" in Everybody's Magazine, September, pp. In 1920 Keynes produced an abbreviated version of The Economic Consequences of the Peace for the populist American 'Everybody's Magazine' entitled 'The Peace of Versailles'. Keynes' annoted Macmillan proof copy is preserved in the Marshall Libary and has been digitized and made available via the Cambridge University Digital Library. ![]() The full text of The Economic Consequences of the Peace, 1919 is available online via The Library of Economics and Liberty. This led to a wide belief, especially in the UK and the USA, that the treaty was unfair. ![]() The book became very influential and in the UK his analysis that the brutal treaty was a "Carthaginian Peace" became general public opinion and his view became an orthodoxy in academic circles. By the 22nd April, 1920 18,500 copies had been sold in the UK, 70,000 copies in the US and by August world sales were over 100,000 (Skidelsky, 1983). By 9th February 12,300 copies of 16,000 copies had sold. A cheap edition, 2s 6d per copy, appeared in February in a print run of 10,000. " By the 21st January, 1920 English sales had reached 7,700 copies and a third reprint was ordered. Keynes wrote to Lytton Strachey, 23 December 1919, "The book is being smothered in a deluge of approval. The longer critical pen portraits appeared later in Essays in Biography 1937. The sketches of Wilson, Lloyd George and Clemenceau were edited but they still contributed to the popularity of the book. He also wrote detailed pen portraits of the main protagonists which were less than flattering. He believed the consequences of the treaty to be a catastrophe and argued that it was a "Carthaginian Peace", that is to say a peace that has the intention of crushing the opposing side. The book is written in a more passionate and engaging style than was usual in his economics writings, due to the huge amount of frustration he still felt. On his return home, having resigned his Treasury post, Keynes embarked on writing this book, which sets out the arguments he had tried and failed to communicate during the Peace Conference. He was very critical of the statesmen negotiating the treaty, saying they gave "politics precedence over economics." He had hoped that the treaty would establish conditions for economic recovery in Europe instead the heads of the 'Big Four' nations were concerned with borders, national security and extracting large reparations from Germany. Treasury adviser to the British Government. He had been working there in his capacity as H.M. In May 1919 John Maynard Keynes walked out of the Paris Peace Conference at Versailles in despair. The signing of the Peace Treaty in the Hall of Mirrors, 28th June, 1919 by William Orpen © IWM (Art.IWM ART 2856) The Economic Consequences of the Peace by John Maynard Keynes, 1919
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